the player who can score a point in bat mint the only player who can score a point in badminton

Racquet sport

Badminton

Two Chinese pairs compete in the mixed doubles gold medal match of the 2012 Olympics
Highest governing body	Badminton World Federation
Kickoff played	19th century
Characteristics
Contact	None
Team members	Singles or doubles
Mixed-sex	Yes
Type	Racquet sport
Equipment	Shuttlecock, racquet
Presence
Olympic	1992–nowadays
Earth Games	1981

Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hitting a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with larger teams, the virtually mutual forms of the game are "singles" (with i player per side) and "doubles" (with two players per side). Badminton is oft played as a casual outdoor activity in a m or on a beach; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor court. Points are scored by hit the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within the opposing side's half of the courtroom.

Each side may just strike the shuttlecock once earlier it passes over the net. Play ends one time the shuttlecock has struck the flooring or if a fault has been called by the umpire, service approximate, or (in their absenteeism) the opposing side.^[one]

The shuttlecock is a feathered or (in breezy matches) plastic projectile which flies differently from the balls used in many other sports. In particular, the feathers create much college elevate, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more chop-chop. Shuttlecocks also accept a high pinnacle speed compared to the assurance in other racquet sports. The flight of the shuttlecock gives the sport its distinctive nature.

The game developed in British Bharat from the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. European play came to exist dominated by Denmark merely the game has become very popular in Asia, with contempo competitions dominated by China. Since 1992, badminton has been a Summer Olympic sport with iv events: men's singles, women'due south singles, men's doubles, and women'due south doubles,^[2] with mixed doubles added four years later. At high levels of play, the sport demands fantabulous fitness: players require aerobic stamina, agility, force, speed, and precision. Information technology is as well a technical sport, requiring skillful motor coordination and the development of sophisticated racquet movements.^[3]

History

Games employing shuttlecocks take been played for centuries across Eurasia,^[a] but the modernistic game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the expatriate officers of British Republic of india as a variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. ("Battledore" was an older term for "racquet".)^[4] Its exact origin remains obscure. The proper name derives from the Duke of Beaufort'southward Badminton Firm in Gloucestershire,^[5] merely why or when remains unclear. As early as 1860, a London toy dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet entitled Badminton Battledore – A New Game, only no re-create is known to accept survived.^[6] An 1863 commodity in The Cornhill Mag describes badminton every bit "battledore and shuttlecock played with sides, across a string suspended some v anxiety from the ground".^[7]

The game originally developed in Bharat among the British expatriates,^[viii] where information technology was very popular by the 1870s.^[half-dozen] Ball badminton, a form of the game played with a wool ball instead of a shuttlecock, was being played in Thanjavur as early as the 1850s^[9] and was at first played interchangeably with badminton past the British, the woollen ball being preferred in windy or wet weather.

Early on, the game was as well known as Poona or Poonah afterwards the garrison town of Poona,^{[8] [10]} where it was particularly pop and where the first rules for the game were fatigued up in 1873.^{[6] [7] [b]} By 1875, officers returning habitation had started a badminton club in Folkestone. Initially, the sport was played with sides ranging from one to four players, but it was quickly established that games between two or four competitors worked the best.^[4] The shuttlecocks were coated with India rubber and, in outdoor play, sometimes weighted with lead.^[four] Although the depth of the net was of no consequence, it was preferred that it should reach the footing.^[4]

The sport was played under the Pune rules until 1887, when J. H. E. Hart of the Bath Badminton Club drew up revised regulations.^[v] In 1890, Hart and Bagnel Wild again revised the rules.^{[half dozen]} The Badminton Association of England (BAE) published these rules in 1893 and officially launched the sport at a house called "Dunbar"^[c] in Portsmouth on 13 September.^[12] The BAE started the first badminton competition, the All England Open Badminton Championships for gentlemen's doubles, ladies' doubles, and mixed doubles, in 1899.^[5] Singles competitions were added in 1900 and an England–Ireland title match appeared in 1904.^[5]

England, Scotland, Wales, Canada, Denmark, French republic, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand were the founding members of the International Badminton Federation in 1934, now known every bit the Badminton World Federation. Bharat joined as an affiliate in 1936. The BWF now governs international badminton. Although initiated in England, competitive men's badminton has traditionally been dominated in Europe by Denmark. Worldwide, Asian nations accept get dominant in international competition. People's republic of china, Kingdom of denmark, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Due south Korea, Taiwan (playing as 'Chinese Taipei') and Japan are the nations which accept consistently produced world-grade players in the past few decades, with China being the greatest force in men's and women'southward competition recently.

The game has also get a popular backyard sport in the United States.

Rules

The following information is a simplified summary of badminton rules based on the BWF Statutes publication, Laws of Badminton.^[xiii]

Courtroom

The courtroom is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play, although badminton rules permit a court to be marked for singles only.^[thirteen] The doubles courtroom is wider than the singles court, but both are of the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles courtroom has a shorter serve-length dimension.

The full width of the court is 6.1 metres (20 feet), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.xviii metres (17.0 feet). The full length of the courtroom is 13.4 metres (44 feet). The service courts are marked by a center line dividing the width of the courtroom, by a short service line at a distance of ane.98 metres (6 feet six inches) from the cyberspace, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is also marked past a long service line, which is 0.76 metres (2 feet vi inches) from the back boundary.

The net is 1.55 metres (5 feet 1 inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (v.00 feet) high in the heart. The net posts are placed over the doubles sidelines, even when singles is played.

The minimum height for the ceiling above the courtroom is not mentioned in the Laws of Badminton. Nevertheless, a badminton court volition non be suitable if the ceiling is probable to be hit on a high serve.

Serving

The legal bounds of a badminton court during various stages of a rally for singles and doubles games

When the server serves, the shuttlecock must pass over the curt service line on the opponents' court or it will count equally a error. The server and receiver must remain within their service courts, without touching the boundary lines, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. The other two players may stand up wherever they wish, then long as they practise non block the vision of the server or receiver.

At the offset of the rally, the server and receiver stand in diagonally contrary service courts (encounter court dimensions). The server hits the shuttlecock so that information technology would land in the receiver's service court. This is similar to tennis, except that in a badminton serve the whole shuttle must be below i.15 metres from the surface of the courtroom at the instant of beingness hit by the server's racket, the shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce and in badminton, the players stand within their service courts, unlike lawn tennis.

When the serving side loses a rally, the server immediately passes to their opponent(due south) (this differs from the sometime system where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for what is known equally a "second serve").

In singles, the server stands in their right service court when their score is fifty-fifty, and in their left service court when their score is odd.

In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the same thespian continues to serve, but he/she changes service courts so that she/he serves to a different opponent each time. If the opponents win the rally and their new score is even, the thespian in the correct service court serves; if odd, the player in the left service court serves. The players' service courts are determined by their positions at the start of the previous rally, not past where they were standing at the end of the rally. A consequence of this organisation is that each time a side regains the service, the server will be the histrion who did not serve last fourth dimension.

Scoring

Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally regardless of whether they served^[13] (this differs from the old organisation where players could but win a signal on their serve and each game was played to fifteen points). A match is the best of three games.

If the score ties at 20–20, and then the game continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such as 24–22), except when there is a tie at 29–29, in which the game goes to a golden indicate of thirty. Whoever scores this point wins the game.

At the offset of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing serves first. Alternatively, a coin may be tossed, with the winners choosing whether to serve or receive showtime, or choosing which end of the court to occupy first, and their opponents making the leftover the remaining choice.

In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve starting time. Matches are best out of three: a thespian or pair must win two games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the first rally of any doubles game, the serving pair may decide who serves and the receiving pair may decide who receives. The players change ends at the start of the 2nd game; if the match reaches a third game, they alter ends both at the start of the game and when the leading actor's or pair'southward score reaches xi points.

Lets

If a let is chosen, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur because of some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on a court (having been hit at that place past players playing in adjacent court) or in small halls the shuttle may touch an overhead rail which tin can be classed as a let.

If the receiver is not ready when the service is delivered, a permit shall be called; withal, if the receiver attempts to return the shuttlecock, the receiver shall be judged to have been prepare.

Equipment

Badminton rules restrict the design and size of racquets and shuttlecocks.

Racquets

Badminton racquets are lightweight, with meridian quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams (2.5 and 3.four ounces) not including grip or strings.^{[fourteen] [15]} They are equanimous of many different materials ranging from carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an splendid strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, racquets were made of lite metals such every bit aluminium. Earlier however, racquets were made of forest. Cheap racquets are still oft fabricated of metals such equally steel, only wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary market, considering of their excessive mass and cost. Present, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerene are added to racquets giving them greater durability.^{[ citation needed ]}

There is a broad diverseness of racquet designs, although the laws limit the racquet size and shape. Different racquets take playing characteristics that appeal to dissimilar players. The traditional oval head shape is still available, simply an isometric caput shape is increasingly common in new racquets.

Strings

Badminton strings for racquets are thin, high-performing strings with thicknesses ranging from about 0.62 to 0.73 mm. Thicker strings are more durable, but many players prefer the feel of thinner strings. String tension is normally in the range of 80 to 160 N (18 to 36 lbf). Recreational players generally cord at lower tensions than professionals, typically between 80 and 110 N (xviii and 25 lbf). Professionals string between well-nigh 110 and 160 N (25 and 36 lbf). Some string manufacturers measure the thickness of their strings under tension then they are actually thicker than specified when slack. Ashaway Micropower is actually 0.7mm but Yonex BG-66 is about 0.72mm.

It is often argued that loftier string tensions better command, whereas low string tensions increase power.^[xvi] The arguments for this more often than not rely on rough mechanical reasoning, such as challenge that a lower tension string bed is more bouncy and therefore provides more power. This is, in fact, incorrect, for a higher cord tension can cause the shuttle to slide off the racquet and hence brand it harder to hit a shot accurately. An alternative view suggests that the optimum tension for power depends on the histrion:^[fourteen] the faster and more than accurately a player can swing their racquet, the higher the tension for maximum power. Neither view has been subjected to a rigorous mechanical analysis, nor is there clear evidence in favour of one or the other. The about effective way for a player to discover a proficient string tension is to experiment.

Grip

The choice of grip allows a actor to increase the thickness of their racquet handle and choose a comfortable surface to concord. A thespian may build upwardly the handle with i or several grips before applying the final layer.

Players may choose betwixt a variety of grip materials. The most common choices are PU synthetic grips or towelling grips. Grip choice is a matter of personal preference. Players frequently find that sweat becomes a trouble; in this case, a drying amanuensis may be applied to the grip or hands, sweatbands may be used, the player may choose another grip material or change their grip more frequently.

In that location are two chief types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips. Replacement grips are thicker and are ofttimes used to increment the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than one mm), and are often used every bit the terminal layer. Many players, notwithstanding, prefer to use replacement grips every bit the last layer. Towelling grips are e'er replacement grips. Replacement grips take an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips have only a small patch of adhesive at the kickoff of the tape and must exist practical nether tension; overgrips are more than convenient for players who alter grips often, considering they may be removed more apace without damaging the underlying textile.

Shuttlecock

A shuttlecock with a plastic brim

A shuttlecock (frequently abbreviated to shuttle; as well called a baboon) is a high-elevate projectile, with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base of operations. The cork is covered with thin leather or synthetic textile. Synthetic shuttles are often used past recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed with either natural cork or constructed foam base and a plastic skirt.

Badminton rules also provide for testing a shuttlecock for the correct speed:

3.1: To test a shuttlecock, hit a total underhand stroke that makes contact with the shuttlecock over the dorsum boundary line. The shuttlecock shall be hitting at an upward angle and in a direction parallel to the sidelines. three.2: A shuttlecock of the correct speed will land not less than 530 mm and not more than than 990 mm brusque of the other back boundary line.

Shoes

Badminton shoes are lightweight with soles of prophylactic or similar loftier-grip, not-marker materials.

Compared to running shoes, badminton shoes take little lateral support. High levels of lateral support are useful for activities where lateral motion is undesirable and unexpected. Badminton, however, requires powerful lateral movements. A highly congenital-up lateral support will not exist able to protect the pes in badminton; instead, information technology will encourage catastrophic collapse at the betoken where the shoe's support fails, and the histrion's ankles are non ready for the sudden loading, which tin can crusade sprains. For this reason, players should cull badminton shoes rather than general trainers or running shoes, because proper badminton shoes will have a very thin sole, lower a person'southward centre of gravity, and therefore issue in fewer injuries. Players should also ensure that they learn safe and proper footwork, with the knee and human foot in alignment on all lunges. This is more than than but a safety concern: proper footwork is likewise critical in order to movement finer around the court.

Technique

Strokes

Badminton offers a wide variety of bones strokes, and players crave a high level of skill to perform all of them effectively. All strokes tin can be played either forehand or backhand. A player's forehand side is the aforementioned side every bit their playing hand: for a right-handed player, the forehand side is their correct side and the backhand side is their left side. Forehand strokes are striking with the front of the hand leading (like hitting with the palm), whereas backhand strokes are hit with the dorsum of the hand leading (like hitting with the knuckles). Players frequently play certain strokes on the forehand side with a backhand striking action, and vice versa.

In the forecourt and midcourt, most strokes can be played equally effectively on either the forehand or backhand side; just in the rear court, players will attempt to play as many strokes equally possible on their forehands, oft preferring to play a round-the-head forehand overhead (a forehand "on the backhand side") rather than endeavour a backhand overhead. Playing a backhand overhead has two chief disadvantages. Starting time, the thespian must turn their back to their opponents, restricting their view of them and the court. 2nd, backhand overheads cannot be hit with as much power equally forehands: the hit action is limited by the shoulder joint, which permits a much greater range of movement for a forehand overhead than for a backhand. The backhand clear is considered by nigh players and coaches to exist the most difficult basic stroke in the game, since the precise technique is needed in order to muster enough power for the shuttlecock to travel the total length of the court. For the aforementioned reason, backhand smashes tend to exist weak.

Position of the shuttlecock and receiving player

Japanese thespian Sayaka Sato prepares for a forehand serve

The choice of stroke depends on how near the shuttlecock is to the net, whether it is above net meridian, and where an opponent is currently positioned: players take much better attacking options if they can attain the shuttlecock well above net top, especially if it is likewise close to the net. In the forecourt, a high shuttlecock will be met with a cyberspace kill, hitting it steeply downwards and attempting to win the rally immediately. This is why information technology is best to driblet the shuttlecock just over the net in this state of affairs. In the midcourt, a loftier shuttlecock will commonly exist met with a powerful blast, as well hitting downward and hoping for an outright winner or a weak reply. Athletic jump smashes, where players bound upwards for a steeper smash bending, are a mutual and spectacular element of elite men's doubles play. In the rearcourt, players strive to hit the shuttlecock while it is yet above them, rather than allowing it to drop lower. This overhead hitting allows them to play smashes, clears (hitting the shuttlecock loftier and to the back of the opponents' court), and drop shots (hit the shuttlecock softly and so that it falls sharply downwards into the opponents' forecourt). If the shuttlecock has dropped lower, and so a smash is incommunicable and a full-length, high clear is difficult.

Vertical position of the shuttlecock

When the shuttlecock is well below net pinnacle, players have no choice merely to hitting upwardly. Lifts, where the shuttlecock is hitting upwards to the dorsum of the opponents' court, can exist played from all parts of the courtroom. If a player does not elevator, their only remaining selection is to push the shuttlecock softly back to the net: in the forecourt, this is called a net shot; in the midcourt or rear court, it is often chosen a push or block.

When the shuttlecock is about to net height, players tin can hit drives, which travel flat and rapidly over the net into the opponents' rear midcourt and rear court. Pushes may also be hit flatter, placing the shuttlecock into the front midcourt. Drives and pushes may be played from the midcourt or forecourt, and are most often used in doubles: they are an attempt to regain the attack, rather than choosing to lift the shuttlecock and defend confronting smashes. Subsequently a successful drive or push button, the opponents will frequently exist forced to elevator the shuttlecock.

Spin

Balls may be spun to alter their bounce (for instance, topspin and backspin in tennis) or trajectory, and players may slice the brawl (strike it with an angled racquet face) to produce such spin. The shuttlecock is not allowed to bounciness, but slicing the shuttlecock does have applications in badminton. (See Basic strokes for an caption of technical terms.)

• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause it to travel in a different direction from the direction suggested past the player's racquet or body movement. This is used to deceive opponents.
• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may crusade it to follow a slightly curved path (as seen from in a higher place), and the deceleration imparted by the spin causes sliced strokes to slow downward more suddenly towards the end of their flight path. This can exist used to create drop shots and smashes that dip more steeply after they pass the internet.
• When playing a net shot, slicing underneath the shuttlecock may cause information technology to turn over itself (tumble) several times as it passes the cyberspace. This is called a spinning internet shot or tumbling net shot. The opponent will be unwilling to accost the shuttlecock until it has corrected its orientation.

Due to the manner that its feathers overlap, a shuttlecock as well has a slight natural spin about its axis of rotational symmetry. The spin is in a counter-clockwise direction as seen from above when dropping a shuttlecock. This natural spin affects certain strokes: a tumbling internet shot is more effective if the slicing action is from correct to left, rather than from left to correct.^[17]

Biomechanics

Badminton biomechanics have not been the bailiwick of extensive scientific report, simply some studies confirm the modest part of the wrist in power generation and indicate that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.^[18] Recent guides to the sport thus emphasize forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.^[19]

The feathers impart substantial elevate, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate greatly over distance. The shuttlecock is as well extremely aerodynamically stable: regardless of initial orientation, information technology will turn to fly cork-commencement and remain in the cork-commencement orientation.

Ane consequence of the shuttlecock'due south elevate is that it requires considerable power to hit it the full length of the court, which is not the case for most racquet sports. The drag likewise influences the flight path of a lifted (lobbed) shuttlecock: the parabola of its flight is heavily skewed and so that it falls at a steeper angle than information technology rises. With very high serves, the shuttlecock may even fall vertically.

Other factors

When defending against a smash, players have iii bones options: lift, cake, or drive. In singles, a block to the internet is the well-nigh common reply. In doubles, a lift is the safest option only it ordinarily allows the opponents to keep smashing; blocks and drives are counter-attacking strokes but may be intercepted by the smasher's partner. Many players use a backhand hitting activeness for returning smashes on both the forehand and backhand sides because backhands are more constructive than forehands at roofing smashes directed to the trunk. Hard shots directed towards the torso are difficult to defend.

The service is restricted by the Laws and presents its own array of stroke choices. Dissimilar in lawn tennis, the server's racquet must be pointing in a downward direction to deliver the serve so normally the shuttle must be hit upwards to pass over the cyberspace. The server tin choose a depression serve into the forecourt (like a push), or a elevator to the back of the service courtroom, or a flat bulldoze serve. Lifted serves may exist either high serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted so high that it falls most vertically at the back of the court, or motion-picture show serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted to a lesser top just falls sooner.

Deception

Once players take mastered these basic strokes, they can hitting the shuttlecock from and to any part of the court, powerfully and softly as required. Beyond the basics, however, badminton offers rich potential for advanced stroke skills that provide a competitive advantage. Because badminton players accept to comprehend a short distance as quickly as possible, the purpose of many avant-garde strokes is to deceive the opponent, so that either they are tricked into believing that a different stroke is being played, or they are forced to delay their movement until they actually sees the shuttle's management. "Deception" in badminton is frequently used in both of these senses. When a player is genuinely deceived, they will often lose the point immediately because they cannot change their direction quickly enough to reach the shuttlecock. Experienced players will exist aware of the play a trick on and cautious not to move as well early, but the attempted deception is still useful because it forces the opponent to delay their motion slightly. Against weaker players whose intended strokes are obvious, an experienced role player may move before the shuttlecock has been hit, anticipating the stroke to proceeds an advantage.

Slicing and using a shortened hitting activity are the two master technical devices that facilitate deception. Slicing involves striking the shuttlecock with an angled racquet confront, causing it to travel in a dissimilar direction than suggested past the body or arm movement. Slicing also causes the shuttlecock to travel more slowly than the arm motility suggests. For instance, a good crosscourt sliced drop shot volition use a hitting action that suggests a straight clear or a blast, deceiving the opponent about both the ability and direction of the shuttlecock. A more sophisticated slicing action involves brushing the strings around the shuttlecock during the hit, in gild to make the shuttlecock spin. This can exist used to improve the shuttle's trajectory, past making it dip more apace every bit information technology passes the cyberspace; for example, a sliced low serve can travel slightly faster than a normal depression serve, yet land on the same spot. Spinning the shuttlecock is also used to create spinning net shots (also called tumbling internet shots), in which the shuttlecock turns over itself several times (tumbles) before stabilizing; sometimes the shuttlecock remains inverted instead of tumbling. The main advantage of a spinning net shot is that the opponent will exist unwilling to address the shuttlecock until it has stopped tumbling, since hitting the feathers volition issue in an unpredictable stroke. Spinning net shots are especially of import for high-level singles players.

The lightness of modern racquets allows players to use a very short hitting activeness for many strokes, thereby maintaining the selection to hit a powerful or a soft stroke until the last possible moment. For example, a singles player may hold their racquet ready for a net shot, but then flick the shuttlecock to the back instead with a shallow lift when they notice the opponent has moved before the actual shot was played. A shallow elevator takes less fourth dimension to reach the ground and as mentioned above a rally is over when the shuttlecock touches the ground. This makes the opponent'due south job of covering the whole court much more difficult than if the lift was hit college and with a bigger, obvious swing. A short striking action is not merely useful for deception: it likewise allows the player to hit powerful strokes when they have no time for a big arm swing. A large arm swing is also usually not brash in badminton because bigger swings brand it more than difficult to recover for the side by side shot in fast exchanges. The use of grip tightening is crucial to these techniques, and is often described every bit finger power. Elite players develop finger ability to the extent that they tin striking some power strokes, such every bit net kills, with less than a 10 centimetres (4 inches) racquet swing.

It is also possible to opposite this style of deception, past suggesting a powerful stroke before slowing downward the hitting activeness to play a soft stroke. In general, this latter fashion of deception is more common in the rear court (for case, drib shots disguised equally smashes), whereas the former manner is more common in the forecourt and midcourt (for example, lifts bearded as net shots).

Deception is not express to slicing and short hitting actions. Players may also apply double motility, where they brand an initial racquet motility in one direction before withdrawing the racquet to striking in another direction. Players will oft do this to send opponents in the wrong direction. The racquet movement is typically used to suggest a directly angle but and then play the stroke crosscourt, or vice versa. Triple motion is too possible, but this is very rare in actual play. An alternative to double motility is to use a racquet head fake, where the initial motion is continued but the racquet is turned during the hitting. This produces a smaller change in direction only does not require equally much time.

Strategy

To win in badminton, players need to employ a broad diversity of strokes in the right situations. These range from powerful jumping smashes to delicate tumbling internet returns. Ofttimes rallies finish with a blast, simply setting up the smash requires subtler strokes. For example, a internet shot can strength the opponent to elevator the shuttlecock, which gives an opportunity to smash. If the net shot is tight and tumbling, then the opponent's lift volition not attain the back of the court, which makes the subsequent smash much harder to return.

Deception is also important. Expert players prepare for many different strokes that look identical and use slicing to deceive their opponents about the speed or direction of the stroke. If an opponent tries to conceptualize the stroke, they may motility in the wrong direction and may be unable to alter their body momentum in fourth dimension to reach the shuttlecock.

Singles

Since one person needs to encompass the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move equally much as possible; this ways that singles strokes are commonly directed to the corners of the court. Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with driblet shots and internet shots. Smashing tends to exist less prominent in singles than in doubles because the smasher has no partner to follow upwards their effort and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed render. Moreover, frequent bang-up can be exhausting in singles where the conservation of a player's free energy is at a premium. However, players with strong smashes will sometimes use the shot to create openings, and players commonly smash weak returns to try to end rallies.

In singles, players will often showtime the rally with a forehand loftier serve or with a flick serve. Low serves are also used frequently, either forehand or backhand. Drive serves are rare.

At high levels of play, singles need extraordinary fettle. Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, different the all-out aggression of doubles.^[20]

Doubles

Both pairs will endeavour to gain and maintain the attack, swell downwards when the opportunity arises. Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one thespian striking downwards from the rear court, and their partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift. If the rear court assailant plays a drop shot, their partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply. If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will apply flat strokes in an effort to proceeds the attack. If a pair is forced to elevator or clear the shuttlecock, so they must defend: they volition adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to comprehend the full width of their courtroom against the opponents' smashes. In doubles, players mostly smash to the middle basis between ii players in gild to have advantage of confusion and clashes.

At high levels of play, the backhand serve has get pop to the extent that forehand serves take become fairly rare at a loftier level of play. The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to preclude the opponents gaining the assault immediately. Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.

At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men's doubles are the most aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges. Because of this, spectator interest is sometimes greater for men's doubles than for singles.

Mixed doubles

The 2012 Olympic mixed doubles final in London

In mixed doubles, both pairs typically attempt to maintain an attacking germination with the woman at the front end and the man at the back. This is because the male players are normally essentially stronger, and can, therefore, produce smashes that are more powerful. As a result, mixed doubles require greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play. Clever opponents will effort to contrary the ideal position, by forcing the woman towards the dorsum or the man towards the front. In guild to protect against this danger, mixed players must exist careful and systematic in their shot selection.^[21]

At high levels of play, the formations will generally be more flexible: the summit women players are capable of playing powerfully from the back-court, and will happily do so if required. When the opportunity arises, however, the pair will switch back to the standard mixed attacking position, with the adult female in front and men in the back.

Organization

Governing bodies

The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing body of the sport responsible for the regulation of tournaments and approaching fair play. Five regional confederations are associated with the BWF:

• Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)
• Africa: Badminton Confederation of Africa (BCA)
• Americas: Badminton Pan Am (Northward America and South America belong to the same confederation; BPA)
• Europe: Badminton Europe (BE)
• Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

Competitions

A men's doubles match. The blue lines are those for the badminton court. The other coloured lines denote uses for other sports – such complexity being common in multi-apply sports halls.

The BWF organizes several international competitions, including the Thomas Cup, the premier men'southward international team event first held in 1948–1949, and the Uber Cup, the women's equivalent commencement held in 1956–1957. The competitions now take place once every two years. More 50 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within continental confederations for a place in the finals. The final tournament involves 12 teams, following an increase from viii teams in 2004. It was further increased to 16 teams in 2012.^[22]

The Sudirman Loving cup, a gender-mixed international team consequence held once every two years, began in 1989. Teams are divided into seven levels based on the performance of each country. To win the tournament, a country must perform well beyond all 5 disciplines (men'due south doubles and singles, women's doubles and singles, and mixed doubles). Like association football game (soccer), information technology features a promotion and relegation system at every level. However, the organisation was last used in 2009 and teams competing volition at present be grouped past world rankings.^[23]

Badminton was a demonstration upshot at the 1972 and 1988 Summer Olympics. It became an official Summertime Olympic sport at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992 and its gold medals now generally charge per unit as the sport's most coveted prizes for individual players.

In the BWF Globe Championships, first held in 1977, currently but the highest-ranked 64 players in the earth, and a maximum of four from each land can participate in any category. In both the Olympic and BWF World competitions restrictions on the number of participants from any ane country take caused some controversy because they sometimes issue in excluding elite world level players from the strongest badminton nations. The Thomas, Uber, and Sudirman Cups, the Olympics, and the BWF World (and Globe Junior Championships), are all categorized as level 1 tournaments.

At the beginning of 2007, the BWF introduced a new tournament construction for the highest level tournaments aside from those in level one: the BWF Super Series. This level two tournament series, a tour for the globe's elite players, stage twelve open up tournaments around the earth with 32 players (half the previous limit). The players collect points that determine whether they can play in Super Series Finals held at the year-stop. Among the tournaments in this serial is the venerable All-England Championships, starting time held in 1900, which was in one case considered the unofficial world championships of the sport.^[24]

Level three tournaments consist of Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix event. Top players tin collect the earth ranking points and enable them to play in the BWF Super Series open tournaments. These include the regional competitions in Asia (Badminton Asia Championships) and Europe (European Badminton Championships), which produce the earth'south best players equally well as the Pan America Badminton Championships.

The level four tournaments, known as International Claiming, International Series, and Future Series, encourage participation by junior players.^[25]

Comparing with tennis

Badminton is frequently compared to tennis due to several qualities. The post-obit is a list of manifest differences:

• Scoring: In badminton, a lucifer is played best 2 of 3 games, with each game played up to 21 points. In tennis a match is played best of 3 or 5 sets, each set consisting of six games and each game ends when one player wins 4 points or wins two consecutive points at deuce points. If both teams are tied at "game indicate", they must play until 1 team achieves a two-betoken advantage. However, at 29–all, whoever scores the golden signal will win. In tennis, if the score is tied 6–six in a set, a tiebreaker will be played, which ends once a role player reaches seven points or when one player has a two-point advantage.
• In tennis, the ball may bounce in one case before the signal ends; in badminton, the rally ends once the shuttlecock touches the flooring.
• In tennis, the serve is dominant to the extent that the server is expected to win almost of their service games (at advanced level & onwards); a pause of service, where the server loses the game, is of major importance in a match. In badminton, a server has far less an advantage and is unlikely to score an ace (unreturnable serve).
• In tennis, the server has ii chances to hit a serve into the service box; in badminton, the server is immune simply one attempt.
• A tennis courtroom is approximately twice the length and width of a badminton court.
• Lawn tennis racquets are most 4 times as heavy as badminton racquets, 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) versus 2 to 3 ounces (57 to 85 grams).^{[26] [27]} Tennis assurance are more than than eleven times heavier than shuttlecocks, 57 grams (2.0 ounces) versus 5 grams (0.18 ounces).^{[28] [29]}
• The fastest recorded tennis stroke is Samuel Groth'southward 163.4 miles per 60 minutes (263 kilometres per hour) serve,^[xxx] whereas the fastest badminton stroke during gameplay was Mads Pieler Kolding's 264.7 miles per hour (426 kilometres per hr) recorded nail at a Badminton Premier League match.^[31]

Statistics such equally the smash speed, above, prompt badminton enthusiasts to brand other comparisons that are more contentious. For example, it is oftentimes claimed that badminton is the fastest racquet sport.^[32] Although badminton holds the tape for the fastest initial speed of a racquet sports projectile, the shuttlecock decelerates substantially faster than other projectiles such as tennis balls. In plough, this qualification must be qualified past consideration of the altitude over which the shuttlecock travels: a smashed shuttlecock travels a shorter distance than a lawn tennis ball during a serve.

While fans of badminton and tennis often claim that their sport is the more physically enervating, such comparisons are difficult to make objectively because of the differing demands of the games. No formal written report currently exists evaluating the physical condition of the players or demands during gameplay.

Badminton and lawn tennis techniques differ substantially. The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton racquets allow badminton players to make apply of the wrist and fingers much more than lawn tennis players; in lawn tennis, the wrist is commonly held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury. For the same reasons, badminton players tin can generate ability from a short racquet swing: for some strokes such equally cyberspace kills, an aristocracy actor'southward swing may exist less than 5 centimetres (two inches). For strokes that require more power, a longer swing volition typically be used, but the badminton racquet swing will rarely be every bit long every bit a typical lawn tennis swing.

Run across likewise

• Ball badminton
• Hanetsuki
• List of racquet sports
• Speed badminton

Notes

1. ^ Other related sports include Hanetsuki, which originated in Japan.
2. ^ Confronting this, Downey claims that the first rules were drawn up at Karachi in 1877.^[11]
3. ^ vi Waverley Grove, Portsmouth, England.^[12]

1. ^ Boga (2008).
2. ^ "Olympic Badminton The Olympic Journeying". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved ten Feb 2018.
3. ^ Grice (2008).
4. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1878).
5. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1911).
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Adams (1980).
7. ^ ^{a b} "badminton, n.", Oxford English Dictionary
8. ^ ^{a b} Guillain (2004), p. 47.
9. ^ "About Game", Brawl Badminton Federation of India, 2008, archived from the original on 7 July 2011, retrieved vii July 2011
10. ^ Connors, et al. (1991), p. 195.
11. ^ Downey (1982), p. 13.
12. ^ ^{a b} "The History of Badminton: Foundation of the BAE and Codification of the Rules", World Badminton
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Laws of Badminton". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on eight January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
14. ^ ^{a b} Kwun (28 Feb 2005). "Badminton Fundamental Guide to choosing Badminton Equipment". BadmintonCentral.com. Archived from the original on eleven March 2007.
15. ^ "SL-70". Karakal. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007.
16. ^ "String tension relating to power and command". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
17. ^ "The Spin Md", Power & Precision Mag, July 2006
18. ^ Kim (2002).
19. ^ "Badminton Technique", Badminton England "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2015. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
20. ^ "Rules of Badminton". Retrieved 13 June 2017.
21. ^ Kumekawa, Eugene (21 March 2014). "Badminton Strategies and Tactics for the Novice and Recreational Player". BadmintonPlanet.
22. ^ "Thomas and Uber Cups increased to 16 teams". sportskeeda.com. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
23. ^ Sachetat, Raphaël. "Sudirman Cup to Modify Format". Badzine. Archived from the original on 31 Jan 2018. Retrieved thirty March 2017.
24. ^ "Badminton Federation Announces 12-event Serial", International Herald Tribune, Associated Printing, 23 September 2006, archived from the original on 25 September 2015, retrieved 25 October 2008 {{commendation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link)
25. ^ "New Tournament Structure", International Badminton Federation, twenty July 2006, archived from the original on 29 September 2007 .
26. ^ "What is the ideal weight for a tennis racquet?". About.com. Retrieved six Dec 2015.
27. ^ "The contribution of applied science on badminton rackets". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
28. ^ Azeez, Shefiu (2000). "Mass of a Tennis Ball". Hypertextbook.
29. ^ M. McCreary, Kathleen (5 May 2005). "A Study of the Move of a Costless Falling Shuttlecock" (PDF). The Higher of Wooster. Archived from the original (PDF) on fourteen June 2007. http://physics.wooster.edu/JrIS/Files/McCreary.pdf
30. ^ "Aussie smashes tennis serve speed record". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 May 2012.
31. ^ "Fastest badminton hit in contest (male person)". Retrieved eight July 2019.
32. ^ "WHAT IS BADMINTON". Badminton Oceania . Retrieved xviii February 2022.

References

• Adams, Bernard (1980), The Badminton Story, BBC Books, ISBN0563164654
• Boga, Steve (2008), Badminton, Paw Prints, ISBN978-1439504789
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Badminton (game)", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. iii (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 189
• Connors, Chiliad.; Dupuis, D.Fifty.; Morgan, B. (1991), The Olympics Factbook: A Spectator's Guide to the Winter and Summer Games, Visible Ink Press, ISBN0-8103-9417-0 .
• Downey, Jake (1982), Better Badminton for All, Pelham Books, ISBN978-0-7207-1438-eight .
• Grice, Tony (2008), Badminton: Steps to Success, Homo Kinetics, ISBN978-0-7360-7229-8
• Guillain, Jean-Yves (2004), Badminton: An Illustrated History, Publibook, ISBN2-7483-0572-eight
• Jones, Henry (1878), "Badminton", in Baynes, T. South. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. iii (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 228
• Kim, Wangdo (2002), An Analysis of the Biomechanics of Arm Motility During a Badminton Smash (PDF), Nanyang Technological University, archived from the original on 2 Oct 2008 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link).

External links

• Badminton at Curlie
• Badminton Globe Federation
  • Laws of Badminton
  • Simplified Rules
• Badminton Asia Confederation
• Badminton Pan Am
• Badminton Oceania
• Badminton Europe
• Badminton Confederation of Africa

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